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ICSE 10th Notes/Geography /
Transport

Transport

Economic role of transport:
  • It links the interior regions to the other parts of the country, thus helping in use of resources.
  • It helps in industrialisation and urbanisation.
  • It transports goods from one place to another.
  • It helps transport people/skills
Socio-political role of transport:
  • Influence urban societies
  • Connects urban and rural areas of country
  • Efficient transport and communication helps sectoral growth and emergency protocol
Advantages of Roadways :
The cost of construction of roadways is much lower than that of railways.
Roadways can be constructed in hilly regions.
Roadways supplement the other modes of transport. For example, roadways connect railway stations and ports to the hinterland.
Cheaper maintenance.
More flexible than rail or air.
Perishable commodities are more quickly carried.
Disadvantages of Roadways
Not suitable for long distance travel
About half of the roads are unmetalled roads, and hence, their use is restricted during the rainy season.
Rising cost of petrol and diesel and toll tax is making it expensive
Increase in pollution due to increase in vehicles
Heavy commodities cannot be transported by road, especially long distances
90% of india’s passenger traffic use roadways
64.5% of indian commodities and goods are transported through roads
NHAI(1988): development, maintenance and management of highways connecting important cities and ports
NH: 2% total road network, 40% traffic
NHAI: 132449 km
NHDP: upgrade, rehabilitate and widen major highways
(i) golden quadrilateral
(ii) north-south and east-west corridor
(iii) port connectivity
Golden quadrilateral: national highways connecting delhi, kolkata, mumbai and chennai by a six-lane superhighway
Total strength: 5846 km
Hottest: chennai - mumbai(1290 km)
Longest: chennai-kolkata(1684 km)
  • Smoother and faster movement of goods and people between major cities and ports
  • Pass through small towns = Open up industrial locations, open up markets and increase employment
  • Reduced agricultural product spoilage
  • Connectivity to major agricultural, industrial and cultural centres of india
  • Encourages truck transport
North south corridor: srinagar to kanyakumari(4000 km)
East west corridor: probandar to silchar (3300 km)
Port connectivity: boost maritime commerce
Sagarmala programme: 235 connectivity projects(1133 km)
Expressways:  six-lane roads constructed to provide high-speed movement without any obstacles
  • Made for smooth travel between important towns and industrial centres
  • Max speed = 120 kmh
  • Maintained by neai
  • 1459.4 km
  • Toll roads
State highways: constructed and maintained by state govt(pwd)
  • Connect state capital with other important towns, headquarters, industrial regions, etc.
  • 176166 km
  • Largest networks: maharashtra, karnataka, gujarat, rajasthan, tn
District roads: district headquarters with other towns; help in distribution of goods
Rural roads: 70% roads
Pradhan mantri gram sadak yojana: metalling of roads(2000)
Maintained by village panchayat
Border roads: border roads organisation(BRO): armed forces
1853: first train(mumbai-thane)
Broad gauge: 1.676 m(70%, high speed/long distance trains)
Metre gauge: 1m(23%)
Narrow gauge: 0.762 m and 0.610 m(hilly areas(darjeeling toy train, himalayan toy train))
Advantages of railways:
  • Most dependable, least affected by weather
  • Convenient to transport heavy and bulky commodities over long distances
  • Helps in industrialisation(transport of goods)
  • Large carrying capacity of passengers and freight
  • Fixed tracks on fixed schedules
  • Comfort
  • Cheaper
  • employment
Disadvantages of railways
  • Lacks flexibility
  • Cannot access rugged terrain
  • Huge capital expense
  • Long and tedious
  • No international trade
  • Cannot transport perishable goods
  • Need maintenance
Waterways: inland and oceanic
Inland: rivers, backwaters, canals and creeks
Oceanic: intercontinental sea routes
Factors affecting water transport:
  • Regular flow of sufficient water
  • Dilation
  • Waterfalls and other obstacles
  • Reduction of water in rivers due to diversion for irrigation
Advantages of waterways:
  • cheapest(initial and maintenance)
  • Fuel efficient and eco-friendly
  • Transport large quantities of bulky goods over long distance
  • Rescue operations
Disadvantages of waterways:
  • Slow
  • Freezing of wives, reduction of water levels make it hard to operate
  • Limited to places with navigable water channels
  • Require port construction
iwai(oct 1986): development, promotion and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation
Nw1 - ganga(1620 km)
Nw2 - brahmaputra(891 km)
Nw3 - west coast canal - kerala(205 km)
Nw4 - kakinada-puducherry: godavari and krishna(1095 km)
Nw5 - east coast canal - brahmani river(623 km)
Nw6 - barak river(121 km)
Ports on west coast:
  1. Mumbai - largest port by size and shipping traffic
  • Import: petroleum, liquid chemicals, mineral oil
  1. Jawaharlal nehru port: mumbai
  • Exports: textiles, sporting goods, carpets, pharmaceuticals
  • Imports: plastics, electrical machinery, veg oil, aluminium, etc.
  1. Kandla: rann of kutch, gujarat
  • Imports: petroleum, steel, iron machinery, chemicals, textiles
  • Exports: grains
  1. Kochi
  • Exports: tea, coffee, spices
  • Imports: chemical fertilisers, mineral oil
  1. panambur/new mangalore
  • Export: iron ore, coffee, granite stones
  • Deep-water, all-weather port
  • Import: fertilisers, wood pulp, crude oil, petroleum products
  1. Marmagao - goa
  • Leading iron export
Ports on the east coast:
  1. Chennai: oldest artificial harbour on the east coast
  • Second largest port
  1. Visakhapatnam
  • Deepest landlocked and protected port
  • Coal and iron ore
  • Shipbuilding centre
  1. Paradeep: odisha
  • Deep water sea port
  • Heavy and bulky containers
  • Iron-ore and coal
  1. Haldia - hooghly, west bengal
  • 50 km sw kolkata
  • Import paper, fertilisers, coking coal, petroleum, iron
  • Exports foodgrain, jute, iron and steel, pig iron, tea
  • Fourth largest port
  1. Kolkata: oldest operating port
  • Silting due to tidal bores
  1. Tuticorin: gulf of mannar
  • Export: cashew nut, yarn cement
  • Import: palm oil, metals and vegetables
    Advantages of air transport:
    • Fast
    • Free of physical/topographical barriers
    • Remote access
    • Relief and evacuations during natural disasters
    Disadvantages of air transport:
    • High cost(fuel, servicing, air terminal facilities, flying and landing rights)
    • Limited capacity
    • Vulnerable to weather
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